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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Identité de Lagrange</span></h1>
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<p>En <a href="Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Mathématiques">mathématiques</a>, et plus particulièrement en <a href="Alg%C3%A8bre" title="Algèbre">algèbre</a>, l'<b>identité de Lagrange</b>, découverte par <a href="Joseph_Louis_Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Louis Lagrange">Joseph Louis Lagrange</a>, est une formule transformant un produit de sommes de carrés en une autre somme de carrés&nbsp;; elle a d'importantes conséquences sur les propriétés du <a href="Produit_vectoriel" title="Produit vectoriel">produit vectoriel</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulations_algébriques_de_l'identité"><span id="Formulations_alg.C3.A9briques_de_l.27identit.C3.A9"></span>Formulations algébriques de l'identité</h2></div>
<p>L'<b>identité de Lagrange</b> est<sup id="cite_ref-Weisstein_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisstein-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-GK_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}^{2}{\biggr )}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}b_{k}^{2}{\biggr )}-{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}b_{k}{\biggr )}^{2}&amp;&amp;=&amp;\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;\\&amp;{\biggl (}&amp;=&amp;{1 \over 2}\sum _{1\leq i,j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;{\biggr )}\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}^{2}{\biggr )}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}b_{k}^{2}{\biggr )}-{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}b_{k}{\biggr )}^{2}&amp;&amp;=&amp;\sum _{1\leq i&lt;j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;\\&amp;{\biggl (}&amp;=&amp;{1 \over 2}\sum _{1\leq i,j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;{\biggr )}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31cdfce5a761cfa4685cd822b38986b26eb306f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.671ex; width:72.657ex; height:14.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}^{2}{\biggr )}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}b_{k}^{2}{\biggr )}-{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}b_{k}{\biggr )}^{2}&amp;&amp;=&amp;\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;\\&amp;{\biggl (}&amp;=&amp;{1 \over 2}\sum _{1\leq i,j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;{\biggr )}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Elle s'applique à deux <a href="Famille_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Famille (mathématiques)">familles</a> quelconques (<i>a</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>a</i><sub>2</sub>, … , <i>a<sub>n</sub></i>) et (<i>b</i><sub>1</sub>,<i>b</i><sub>2</sub>, … , <i>b<sub>n</sub></i>) de nombres <a href="Nombre_r%C3%A9el" title="Nombre réel">réels</a> ou <a href="Nombre_complexe" title="Nombre complexe">complexes</a>, ou plus généralement à des éléments d'un <a href="Anneau_commutatif" title="Anneau commutatif">anneau commutatif</a>. C’est un cas particulier de l'<a href="Identit%C3%A9_de_Binet-Cauchy" title="Identité de Binet-Cauchy">identité de Binet-Cauchy</a>.
</p><p>Dans le cas réel, on peut l'exprimer de façon plus compacte avec une notation vectorielle<sup id="cite_ref-Boichenko_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boichenko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\ \|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-(\mathbf {a\cdot b} )^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}\left(\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{i}&amp;b_{i}\\a_{j}&amp;b_{j}\end{pmatrix}}\right)^{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\ \|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-(\mathbf {a\cdot b} )^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i&lt;j\leq n}\left(\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{i}&amp;b_{i}\\a_{j}&amp;b_{j}\end{pmatrix}}\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d3274829f437b747cafbbb5bf2cc9876510ab52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:49.3ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\ \|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-(\mathbf {a\cdot b} )^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}\left(\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{i}&amp;b_{i}\\a_{j}&amp;b_{j}\end{pmatrix}}\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>où <b>a</b> et <b>b</b> sont des vecteurs de ℝ<sup><i>n</i></sup>. Cette expression peut s'étendre à ℂ<sup><i>n</i></sup> en remplaçant le produit scalaire par un <a href="Hermitien#Produit_scalaire_hermitien_et_espace_hermitien" title="Hermitien">produit hermitien</a> et le carré d'un nombre complexe <i>z</i> par le carré de son <a href="Module_d'un_nombre_complexe" title="Module d'un nombre complexe">module</a> |<i>z</i>|<sup id="cite_ref-Steele_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-GK_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|a_{k}|^{2}{\biggr )}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|b_{k}|^{2}{\biggr )}-{\biggl |}\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\overline {a_{k}}}b_{k}{\biggr |}^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}|a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i}|^{2}}">
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|a_{k}|^{2}{\biggr )}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|b_{k}|^{2}{\biggr )}-{\biggl |}\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\overline {a_{k}}}b_{k}{\biggr |}^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i&lt;j\leq n}|a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i}|^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/669d1e006810b95ccc13c8768f5764c08e04313c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:61.475ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|a_{k}|^{2}{\biggr )}{\biggl (}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|b_{k}|^{2}{\biggr )}-{\biggl |}\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\overline {a_{k}}}b_{k}{\biggr |}^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}|a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i}|^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>c'est-à-dire&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\ \|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-|\mathbf {a\cdot b} |^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}\left|\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{i}&amp;b_{i}\\a_{j}&amp;b_{j}\end{pmatrix}}\right|^{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\ \|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-|\mathbf {a\cdot b} |^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i&lt;j\leq n}\left|\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{i}&amp;b_{i}\\a_{j}&amp;b_{j}\end{pmatrix}}\right|^{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb345eb903c7fe15146e0355f032f0b18daefe21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:47.304ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\ \|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-|\mathbf {a\cdot b} |^{2}=\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}\left|\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{i}&amp;b_{i}\\a_{j}&amp;b_{j}\end{pmatrix}}\right|^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Le membre de droite de l'égalité étant positif et ne s'annulant que lorsque <b>a</b> et <b>b</b> sont <a href="Colin%C3%A9aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Colinéaires">colinéaires</a>, l'identité de Lagrange entraîne l'<a href="In%C3%A9galit%C3%A9_de_Cauchy-Schwarz" title="Inégalité de Cauchy-Schwarz">inégalité de Cauchy-Schwarz</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et son cas d'égalité dans le cas des <a href="Espace_euclidien" title="Espace euclidien">espaces euclidiens</a> (tels que ℝ<sup><i>n</i></sup>), et son analogue dans les <a href="Espace_hermitien" title="Espace hermitien">espaces hermitiens</a> (comme ℂ<sup><i>n</i></sup>).
</p><p>Les cas particuliers <i>n</i> = 2 et <i>n</i> = 3 ont des interprétations géométriques&nbsp;:
</p>
<ul><li>pour <i>n</i> = 2, on obtient l'<a href="Identit%C3%A9_de_Brahmagupta" title="Identité de Brahmagupta">identité de Diophante (qui se généralise en celle de Brahmagupta)</a>&nbsp;:<span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a_{1}^{2}+a_{2}^{2})(b_{1}^{2}+b_{2}^{2})=(a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2})^{2}+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})^{2},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a_{1}^{2}+a_{2}^{2})(b_{1}^{2}+b_{2}^{2})=(a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2})^{2}+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})^{2},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b47b2d131dd0a7dedf72a38b7ba17356ed8bc33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.308ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a_{1}^{2}+a_{2}^{2})(b_{1}^{2}+b_{2}^{2})=(a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2})^{2}+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})^{2},}" loading="lazy"></span></span>ce qui correspond à la multiplicativité du module dans les complexes puisque, en posant <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{1}=a_{1}+{\rm {i}}a_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{1}=a_{1}+{\rm {i}}a_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8abf0eb9c0bea54339580c25285b362b72d05454.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.289ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{1}=a_{1}+{\rm {i}}a_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{2}=b_{2}+{\rm {i}}b_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{2}=b_{2}+{\rm {i}}b_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcb8d5d971b489f229fb9d42af2db0b90779ad75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.825ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{2}=b_{2}+{\rm {i}}b_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, cette formule équivaut à <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |z_{1}z_{2}|^{2}=|z_{1}|^{2}|z_{2}|^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |z_{1}z_{2}|^{2}=|z_{1}|^{2}|z_{2}|^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74c5d88e5a57604e755b3691575289105c207d3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.684ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |z_{1}z_{2}|^{2}=|z_{1}|^{2}|z_{2}|^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;;</li>
<li>pour <i>n</i> = 3 on obtient l'identité de Legendre<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</li></ul>
<p><span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a_{1}^{2}+a_{2}^{2}+a_{3}^{2})(b_{1}^{2}+b_{2}^{2}+b_{3}^{2})=(a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2}+a_{3}b_{3})^{2}+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})^{2}+(a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2})^{2}+(a_{3}b_{1}-a_{1}b_{3})^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a_{1}^{2}+a_{2}^{2}+a_{3}^{2})(b_{1}^{2}+b_{2}^{2}+b_{3}^{2})=(a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2}+a_{3}b_{3})^{2}+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})^{2}+(a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2})^{2}+(a_{3}b_{1}-a_{1}b_{3})^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f319acd8e107a6625142569217012849c774535.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:104.286ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a_{1}^{2}+a_{2}^{2}+a_{3}^{2})(b_{1}^{2}+b_{2}^{2}+b_{3}^{2})=(a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2}+a_{3}b_{3})^{2}+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})^{2}+(a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2})^{2}+(a_{3}b_{1}-a_{1}b_{3})^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></span> voir plus bas, dans la <a href="#L'identité_de_Lagrange_et_le_produit_vectoriel">section consacrée au produit vectoriel</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Démonstration_de_la_version_algébrique"><span id="D.C3.A9monstration_de_la_version_alg.C3.A9brique"></span>Démonstration de la version algébrique</h3></div>
<p>La preuve suivante<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> correspond à un <a href="Calcul_alg%C3%A9brique" title="Calcul algébrique">calcul algébrique</a> direct, et est par conséquent valable dans tout <a href="Anneau_commutatif" title="Anneau commutatif">anneau commutatif</a>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;=\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-2a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j}+a_{j}^{2}b_{i}^{2})\\&amp;=\sum _{\begin{smallmatrix}1\leq i,j\leq n\\i\neq j\end{smallmatrix}}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j})\\&amp;=\sum _{1\leq i,j\leq n}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j})\\&amp;=\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{2}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}^{2}\right)-\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{j}b_{j}\right).\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sum _{1\leq i&lt;j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;=\sum _{1\leq i&lt;j\leq n}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-2a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j}+a_{j}^{2}b_{i}^{2})\\&amp;=\sum _{\begin{smallmatrix}1\leq i,j\leq n\\i\neq j\end{smallmatrix}}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j})\\&amp;=\sum _{1\leq i,j\leq n}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j})\\&amp;=\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{2}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}^{2}\right)-\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{j}b_{j}\right).\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c71bba5da3519164f847696d2a75fb58c4f2969d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -13.338ex; width:70.868ex; height:27.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}&amp;=\sum _{1\leq i<j\leq n}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-2a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j}+a_{j}^{2}b_{i}^{2})\\&amp;=\sum _{\begin{smallmatrix}1\leq i,j\leq n\\i\neq j\end{smallmatrix}}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j})\\&amp;=\sum _{1\leq i,j\leq n}(a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}-a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j})\\&amp;=\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{2}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}^{2}\right)-\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{j}b_{j}\right).\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'identité_de_Lagrange_en_algèbre_extérieure"><span id="L.27identit.C3.A9_de_Lagrange_en_alg.C3.A8bre_ext.C3.A9rieure"></span>L'identité de Lagrange en <a href="Alg%C3%A8bre_ext%C3%A9rieure" title="Algèbre extérieure">algèbre extérieure</a></h2></div>
<p>Utilisant le <a href="Produit_ext%C3%A9rieur" title="Produit extérieur">produit extérieur</a>, l'identité de Lagrange peut s'écrire&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a\cdot a)(b\cdot b)-(a\cdot b)^{2}=(a\wedge b)\cdot (a\wedge b).}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a\cdot a)(b\cdot b)-(a\cdot b)^{2}=(a\wedge b)\cdot (a\wedge b).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbadaa69818f5323ae5ad8ce43e4328d6bd4fb0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.705ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a\cdot a)(b\cdot b)-(a\cdot b)^{2}=(a\wedge b)\cdot (a\wedge b).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Elle donne donc la norme du produit extérieur de deux vecteurs en fonction de leur produit scalaire&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|a\wedge b\|={\sqrt {(\|a\|\ \|b\|)^{2}-\|a\cdot b\|^{2}}}.}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|a\wedge b\|={\sqrt {(\|a\|\ \|b\|)^{2}-\|a\cdot b\|^{2}}}.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0703d0c380f6f5fce1fd794ff122999a8c4aa7be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:33.651ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|a\wedge b\|={\sqrt {(\|a\|\ \|b\|)^{2}-\|a\cdot b\|^{2}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'identité_de_Lagrange_et_le_produit_vectoriel"><span id="L.27identit.C3.A9_de_Lagrange_et_le_produit_vectoriel"></span>L'identité de Lagrange et le produit vectoriel</h2></div>
<p>En trois dimensions, l'identité de Lagrange<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dit que le carré de l'aire d'un parallélogramme est égal à la somme des carrés des aires de ses projections sur les trois plans de coordonnées. Algébriquement, si <b>a</b> et <b>b</b> sont des vecteurs de ℝ<sup>3</sup> de norme ||<b>a</b>|| et ||<b>b</b>||, on peut écrire l'identité à l'aide du <a href="Produit_vectoriel" title="Produit vectoriel">produit vectoriel</a> et du <a href="Produit_scalaire" title="Produit scalaire">produit scalaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lounesto1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lounesto1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-(\mathbf {a\cdot b} )^{2}=\|\mathbf {a\land b} \|^{2}.}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-(\mathbf {a\cdot b} )^{2}=\|\mathbf {a\land b} \|^{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2644e571ecaed28d16816e8469caa7837f511f2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.203ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}-(\mathbf {a\cdot b} )^{2}=\|\mathbf {a\land b} \|^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>En effet, le membre de gauche vaut
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}(1-\cos ^{2}\theta )=\|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
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<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}(1-\cos ^{2}\theta )=\|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23a3e7a971a914acbdce7c9c93895567702aad6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.414ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}(1-\cos ^{2}\theta )=\|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>où θ est l'angle formé par les vecteurs <b>a</b> et <b>b</b>&nbsp;; c'est l'aire du <a href="Parall%C3%A9logramme" title="Parallélogramme">parallélogramme</a> de côtés |<b>|a</b>|| et ||<b>b</b>|| et d'angle θ (voir aussi l'article <a href="D%C3%A9terminant_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Déterminant (mathématiques)">Déterminant (mathématiques)</a>), et donc le membre de gauche est le carré de cette aire. Le produit vectoriel de droite est défini par
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \land \mathbf {b} =(a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2})\mathbf {i} +(a_{3}b_{1}-a_{1}b_{3})\mathbf {j} +(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})\mathbf {k} ,}">
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<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">i</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>b</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mi>b</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>b</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mi>b</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">k</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \land \mathbf {b} =(a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2})\mathbf {i} +(a_{3}b_{1}-a_{1}b_{3})\mathbf {j} +(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})\mathbf {k} ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20462306abe35e3e7463d4efd230f99f351bd555.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:57.727ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \land \mathbf {b} =(a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2})\mathbf {i} +(a_{3}b_{1}-a_{1}b_{3})\mathbf {j} +(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})\mathbf {k} ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>vecteur dont les coordonnées sont (en valeur absolue) les aires des projections du parallélogramme sur les plans <i>yz</i>, <i>zx</i>, et <i>xy</i> respectivement.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="En_dimension_7">En dimension 7</h3></div>

<p>Pour des vecteurs <b>a</b> et <b>b</b> de ℝ<sup>7</sup>, l'identité de Lagrange peut s'écrire, comme dans le cas de ℝ<sup>3</sup>, sous la forme<sup id="cite_ref-Lounesto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lounesto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\mathbf {a} |^{2}|\mathbf {b} |^{2}-|\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} |^{2}=|\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} |^{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\mathbf {a} |^{2}|\mathbf {b} |^{2}-|\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} |^{2}=|\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} |^{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02d5c6a321b5aac494bad1b876e1f4b6aa68411d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.851ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\mathbf {a} |^{2}|\mathbf {b} |^{2}-|\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} |^{2}=|\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} |^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Cependant, le <a href="Produit_vectoriel_en_dimension_7" title="Produit vectoriel en dimension 7">produit vectoriel en dimension 7</a> n'a pas toutes les propriétés du produit vectoriel usuel. Ainsi, par exemple, il ne vérifie pas l'<a href="Identit%C3%A9_de_Jacobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Identité de Jacobi">identité de Jacobi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lounesto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lounesto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interprétation_par_les_quaternions"><span id="Interpr.C3.A9tation_par_les_quaternions"></span>Interprétation par les quaternions</h3></div>
<p>Un <a href="Quaternion" title="Quaternion">quaternion</a> <i>p</i> est défini comme la somme d'un scalaire <i>t</i> et d'un vecteur <b>v</b>&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=t+\mathbf {v} =t+x\ \mathbf {i} +y\ \mathbf {j} +z\ \mathbf {k} .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">k</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=t+\mathbf {v} =t+x\ \mathbf {i} +y\ \mathbf {j} +z\ \mathbf {k} .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/557f398c3a06cbf7d12a3147cbd07239f85c98ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:30.839ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=t+\mathbf {v} =t+x\ \mathbf {i} +y\ \mathbf {j} +z\ \mathbf {k} .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Le produit de deux quaternions <span class="nowrap"><i>p</i> = <i>t</i> + <b>v</b></span> et <span class="nowrap"><i>q</i> = <i>s</i> + <b>w</b></span> est défini par
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pq=(st-\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {w} )+s\mathbf {w} +t\mathbf {v} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>s</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">w</mi>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pq=(st-\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {w} )+s\mathbf {w} +t\mathbf {v} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edff6d74b530027fc5f03e944e875ecc9853ddb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:37.651ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pq=(st-\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {w} )+s\mathbf {w} +t\mathbf {v} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Le conjugué de <i>q</i> est
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {q}}=t-\mathbf {v} ,}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>q</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {q}}=t-\mathbf {v} ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2dd4346bfa531587f46984fcbc596cd62e7c13d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.042ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {q}}=t-\mathbf {v} ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>et le carré de sa norme est
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |q|^{2}=q{\overline {q}}=t^{2}\ +\ x^{2}+\ y^{2}\ +\ z^{2}.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |q|^{2}=q{\overline {q}}=t^{2}\ +\ x^{2}+\ y^{2}\ +\ z^{2}.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8128e87b2366a9dbd6dfb8157bcf95dd288e0be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.598ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |q|^{2}=q{\overline {q}}=t^{2}\ +\ x^{2}+\ y^{2}\ +\ z^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>On a la multiplicativité de la norme, c'est-à-dire que, pour des quaternions <i>p</i> et <i>q</i>, on a<sup id="cite_ref-Kuipers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuipers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |pq|=|p||q|.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |pq|=|p||q|.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca5020c35e99d81b0cdce0c90b59b0dd5107c3f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.104ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |pq|=|p||q|.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Les quaternions <i>p</i> et <i>q</i> sont dits imaginaires (ou purs) si leur partie scalaire est nulle, ou encore si
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=\mathbf {v} ,\quad q=\mathbf {w} .}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=\mathbf {v} ,\quad q=\mathbf {w} .}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2769ebbb36d2c190410777c68a8a04d2fd33c98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:15.871ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=\mathbf {v} ,\quad q=\mathbf {w} .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>L'identité de Lagrange (en dimension 3) revient simplement à affirmer la multiplicativité de la norme pour les quaternions imaginaires
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} \mathbf {w} |^{2}=|\mathbf {v} |^{2}|\mathbf {w} |^{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} \mathbf {w} |^{2}=|\mathbf {v} |^{2}|\mathbf {w} |^{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7e0cb0840053286b9bef3558c852b67f20ca42e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.827ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} \mathbf {w} |^{2}=|\mathbf {v} |^{2}|\mathbf {w} |^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>puisque, par définition,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} \mathbf {w} |^{2}=(\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {w} )^{2}+|\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} |^{2}.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} \mathbf {w} |^{2}=(\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {w} )^{2}+|\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} |^{2}.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8e0b1fd91442373efa7a25dbfc49d49b0fee6b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.691ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} \mathbf {w} |^{2}=(\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {w} )^{2}+|\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} |^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>(La multiplicativité pour des quaternions quelconques donne une autre identité importante&nbsp;: l'<a href="Identit%C3%A9_des_quatre_carr%C3%A9s_d'Euler" title="Identité des quatre carrés d'Euler">identité des quatre carrés d'Euler</a>.)
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2></div>
<div style="font-size:85%; padding-left:1.6em; margin:0.3em 0;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="">«&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_identity?oldid=410745245">Lagrange's identity</a>&nbsp;» <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_identity?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Weisstein-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Weisstein_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">
<span class="ouvrage" id="Weisstein2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eric_W._Weisstein2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="Eric_W._Weisstein" title="Eric W. Weisstein">Eric W. <span class="nom_auteur">Weisstein</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics</cite>, <a href="CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>, <time>2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 3252&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">978-1-4200-3522-3</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LmCzWQYh_UC&amp;pg=PA228">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=CRC+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.aulast=Weisstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.tpages=3252&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4200-3522-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GK-2"><span class="reference-text">
<span class="ouvrage" id="GreeneSteven_G._Krantz2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_E._GreeneSteven_G._Krantz2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Robert E. <span class="nom_auteur">Greene</span> et <span class="nom_auteur"><a href="Steven_G._Krantz" title="Steven G. Krantz">Steven G. Krantz</a></span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Function Theory of One Complex Variable</cite>, <a href="American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">AMS</a>, <time>2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 504&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">978-0-8218-3962-1</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=u5vhseYCcqkC&amp;pg=PA22">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, «&nbsp;Exercise 16&nbsp;»</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;22<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Function+Theory+of+One+Complex+Variable&amp;rft.atitle=Exercise+16&amp;rft.pub=AMS&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.aulast=Greene&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&amp;rft.au=Steven+G.+Krantz&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.tpages=504&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8218-3962-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Boichenko-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Boichenko_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">
<span class="ouvrage" id="Boichenko,_Gennadiĭ_Alekseevich_Leonov_et_Volker_Reitmann2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vladimir_A._Boichenko,_Gennadiĭ_Alekseevich_Leonov_et_Volker_Reitmann2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Vladimir A. Boichenko, Gennadiĭ Alekseevich Leonov et Volker Reitmann, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Dimension Theory for Ordinary Differential Equations</cite>, <a href="Teubner-Verlag" title="Teubner-Verlag">Vieweg+Teubner Verlag</a>, <time>2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">3-519-00437-2</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bN1-b_dSYsC&amp;pg=PA26">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;26<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dimension+Theory+for+Ordinary+Differential+Equations&amp;rft.pub=Vieweg%2BTeubner+Verlag&amp;rft.aulast=Boichenko%2C+Gennadi%C4%AD+Alekseevich+Leonov+et+Volker+Reitmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir+A.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=26&amp;rft.isbn=3-519-00437-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Steele-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Steele_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._Michael_Steele2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur"><a href="J._Michael_Steele" title="J. Michael Steele">J. Michael Steele</a></span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Cauchy-Schwarz Master Class&nbsp;: An Introduction to the Art of Mathematical Inequalities</cite>, <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP</a>, <time>2004</time>, 306&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">978-0-521-54677-5</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bvgBdZKEYAEC&amp;pg=PA68">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, «&nbsp;Exercise 4.4: Lagrange’s identity for complex numbers&nbsp;»</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">68-69</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cauchy-Schwarz+Master+Class+%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Art+of+Mathematical+Inequalities&amp;rft.atitle=Exercise+4.4%3A+Lagrange%E2%80%99s+identity+for+complex+numbers&amp;rft.pub=CUP&amp;rft.aulast=J.+Michael+Steele&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=68-69&amp;rft.tpages=306&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-54677-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">C'est d'ailleurs la preuve de Cauchy de cette inégalité. cf <span class="ouvrage" id="Cauchy1821"><span class="ouvrage" id="A.-L._Cauchy1821">A.-L. Cauchy, <cite class="italique">Cours d'analyse de l'École Royale Polytechnique, Ière partie, Analyse algébrique</cite>, Debure frères, <time>1821</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626657t/f481.item">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;455<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cours+d%27analyse+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Royale+Polytechnique%2C+I%C3%A8re+partie%2C+Analyse+alg%C3%A9brique&amp;rft.pub=Debure+fr%C3%A8res&amp;rft.aulast=Cauchy&amp;rft.aufirst=A.-L.&amp;rft.date=1821&amp;rft.pages=455&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Boudine"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Pierre_Boudine">Jean-Pierre Boudine, <cite class="italique">L'appel des maths</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr>&nbsp;2, Cassini, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;145<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27appel+des+maths&amp;rft.pub=Cassini&amp;rft.aulast=Boudine&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&amp;rft.pages=145&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jones-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir par exemple page 4 du <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/%7Efjones/chap7.pdf">chapitre 7</a> de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~fjones/">ce livre</a> de Frank Jones, <a href="Universit%C3%A9_Rice" title="Université Rice">université Rice</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">C'est en dimension 3 qu'apparaît d'abord l'identité de Lagrange&nbsp;: <span class="ouvrage" id="Lagrange1773"><span class="ouvrage" id="J.-L._Lagrange1773">J.-L. Lagrange, <cite class="italique">Solutions analytiques de quelques problèmes sur les pyramides triangulaires</cite>, Nouveaux mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin, <time>1773</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k229222d/f663.item">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">661-692</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Solutions+analytiques+de+quelques+probl%C3%A8mes+sur+les+pyramides+triangulaires&amp;rft.pub=Nouveaux+m%C3%A9moires+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+royale+des+Sciences+et+Belles-Lettres+de+Berlin&amp;rft.aulast=Lagrange&amp;rft.aufirst=J.-L.&amp;rft.date=1773&amp;rft.pages=661-692&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Anton_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AntonRorres2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Howard_AntonChris_Rorres2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Howard Anton et Chris Rorres, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Elementary Linear Algebra&nbsp;: Applications Version</cite>, <a href="John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley &amp; Sons">John Wiley &amp; Sons</a>, <time>2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="dixième">10<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 773&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">978-0-470-43205-1</span> et <span class="nowrap">0-470-43205-5</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PJ-WHepeBsC&amp;pg=PA162">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, «&nbsp;Relationships between dot and cross products&nbsp;»</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;162<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Elementary+Linear+Algebra&amp;rft.atitle=Relationships+between+dot+and+cross+products&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.edition=10&amp;rft.stitle=Applications+Version&amp;rft.aulast=Anton&amp;rft.aufirst=Howard&amp;rft.au=Chris+Rorres&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pages=162&amp;rft.tpages=773&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-43205-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lounesto1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lounesto1_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lounesto2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pertti_Lounesto2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Pertti <span class="nom_auteur">Lounesto</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Clifford Algebras and Spinors</cite>, CUP, <time>2001</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 338&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">978-0-521-00551-7</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=DTecU6UpkSgC&amp;pg=PA94">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;94<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Clifford+Algebras+and+Spinors&amp;rft.pub=CUP&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.aulast=Lounesto&amp;rft.aufirst=Pertti&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pages=94&amp;rft.tpages=338&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-00551-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lounesto-11"><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lounesto2001">Lounesto 2001</a>. Voir en particulier <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=DTecU6UpkSgC&amp;pg=PA96">§ 7.4 Cross products in ℝ<sup>7</sup></a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;96.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kuipers-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuipers_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kuipers2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jack_B._Kuipers2002"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jack B. <span class="nom_auteur">Kuipers</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Quaternions and Rotation Sequences&nbsp;: A Primer with Applications to Orbits, Aerospace, and Virtual Reality</cite>, <a href="Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">PUP</a>, <time>2002</time>, 371&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">978-0-691-10298-6</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_2sS4mC0p-EC&amp;pg=PA111">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr>&nbsp;§ 5.6<span class="lang-en" lang="en"> («&nbsp;The Norm&nbsp;»)</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;111<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quaternions+and+Rotation+Sequences+%3A+A+Primer+with+Applications+to+Orbits%2C+Aerospace%2C+and+Virtual+Reality&amp;rft.atitle=The+Norm&amp;rft.pub=PUP&amp;rft.aulast=Kuipers&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack+B.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.pages=111&amp;rft.tpages=371&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-10298-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIdentit%C3%A9+de+Lagrange"></span></span></span>.</span>
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